Describe mental mathematics strategies used to determine multiplication facts to 81 (e.g., skip counting from a known fact, doubling, halving, 9s patterns, repeated doubling, or repeated halving).

Explain concretely, pictorially, or orally why multiplying by zero produces a product of zero.

Recall multiplication facts to 81 including within problem solving and calculations of larger products.

Generalize and apply strategies for multiplying two whole numbers when one factor is a multiple of 10, 100, or 1000.

Generalize and apply halving and doubling strategies to determine a product involving at least one two-digit factor.

Apply and explain the use of the distributive property to determine a product involving multiplying factors that are close to multiples of 10.

Model multiplying two 2-digit factors using an array, base ten blocks, or an area model, record the process symbolically, and describe the connections between the models and the symbolic recording.

Pose a problem which requires the multiplication of 2-digit numbers and explain the strategies used to multiply the numbers.

Illustrate, concretely, pictorially, and symbolically, the distributive property using expanded notation and partial products (e.g., 36 x 42 = (30 + 6) x (40 + 2) = 30 x 40 + 6 x 40 + 30 x 2 + 6 x 2).

Explain and justify strategies used when multiplying 2-digit numbers symbolically.