Before: Select and use a range of strategies before listening, reading, and viewing including:

• tap, activate, and build prior knowledge (e.g., consider what is known and needs to be known about topic)
• ask questions (e.g., generate questions to address the "needs to be known")
• preview text (e.g., preview beginning events)
• anticipate message and author's/presenter's intent (e.g., consider title and what is known about author)
• predict what text will be about (e.g., consider the accompanying visuals and headings)
• set purpose (e.g., set focus on what "need to and might learn" about topic).

During: Select and use a range of strategies to construct, monitor, and confirm meaning including:

• connect and construct meaning (e.g., make connections to own lives and contemporary issues and problems; make connections to self, text, and world)
• note key ideas and what supports them (e.g., identify the problem, the key events, and the problem resolution; find important ideas and identify supporting details)
• construct mental images (e.g., think critically about the writer's/presenter's use of language to evoke sensory images, feelings, or mood)
• make, confirm, and adjust predictions (e.g., consistently make predictions using evidence from the text to support thinking; make predictions using text features)
• make, confirm, and adjust inferences and draw conclusions (e.g., use stated or implied ideas to support interpretation of text; make judgements and draw conclusions about ideas in texts)
• ask questions (e.g., ask questions to check understanding and evaluate text's message)
• use cueing systems to construct meaning and self-monitor comprehension (e.g., self-monitor understanding and ask questions when meaning is lost; clarify the meaning of words and concepts, and check understanding)
• adjust rate and/or strategy (e.g., match silent and oral reading rate to specific purpose and difficulty of text).

After: Select and use a range of strategies to confirm and extend meaning including:

• recall, paraphrase, summarize, and synthesize (e.g., remember information from factual texts and use strategies for remembering it; summarize main ideas to arrive at new understanding or conclusion; synthesize information from two different points of view)
• reflect and interpret (e.g., think critically about conclusions)
• evaluate (respond critically) (e.g., understand subtexts where the author is saying one thing but meaning another; draw conclusions about the validity of ideas and information; identify fact and opinion)
• evaluate craft and techniques (e.g., recognize, understand, and discuss symbolism; understand how layout contributes to the meaning and effectiveness of texts)
• respond personally (giving support from text) (e.g., support thinking beyond the text with specific evidence based on personal experience)
• listen, read, or view again and speak, write, and represent to deepen understanding and pleasure (e.g., express opinion about ideas, themes, issues, and experiences presented in texts using examples from texts to support).