Cognates – words that are the same or very similar in two languages, such as telephone and téléphone.

Context clues – are hints, such as pictures, or other words in the sentence or paragraph that enable students to make intelligent guesses about the meaning of an unknown word in a text.

Experiential context – an authentic learning situation that enables students to learn by doing.

Gradual release of responsibility – a form of scaffolding wherein modeling is used to provide input, and teacher support is given to enable students to function with varying degrees of support until they can function independently.

Experiential goal – a final unit task based on students' interests that creates a need for students to learn how to communicate effectively on a specific topic; it is accomplished with inquiry activities in which students use another language in order to create questions about themes and explore themes using the target language.

Semantic – refers to the meaning of words.

Syntax – refers to the structure (word order) and parts of sentences and the rules that govern the sentences (e.g., subject-verb agreement).

Template – an oral or written model consisting of one or many sentences or sentence stems that can be used by students to convey meaning.

References – resource materials students can use to obtain information for reading, writing or speaking; reference materials can be dictionaries, grammars, posters, and charts.

Word family – words that are semantically and phonetically related; when grouped in clusters, they enable students to find meaningful patterns for vocabulary development.

Word wall – a word wall is an organized collection of words displayed in a classroom; it is used as a student reference or as an interactive tool for teaching vocabulary, spelling and reading.